That the tomb of the ruthless German leader, Adolf Hitler, was in the General Cemetery (TPU= Tempat Pemakaman Umum) Ngagel, Surabaya, academics highlighted. Historians who contacted Surya did not dare make sure when asked whether the tomb of Dr. Poch at TPU Ngagel as Hitler's grave.

However, there is the possibility that the so-called Dr. Poch it was Adolf Hitler, and thus on the tomb Ngagel TPU can also be a grave of Hitler, who in history have been slaughtered over 2 million people in Europe.

"We have to first track if ever there was the Nazis who fled to Indonesia after Nazi lost in World War II," said Dr. Adam Asvi Warman, a historian who is also senior researcher at Indonesia Institute of Sciences (LIPI) when contacted Surya, Tuesday ( 23 / 2).

Asvi, who received a doctorate of history from the Ecole des Hautes Etudes en S. Sociales, Paris, France in 1990, said the writing on the media that links with Hitler figure Poch is a form of popular history. That is an interesting historical story to follow.

He also heard a story about a doctor about dr Indonesia Poch associated with Hitler. "History is not a popular scientific history. For, if the history of science, it was not enough just to record the testimony of a person. Must be equipped with the evidence, "explained Asvi.

As reported Surya, Tuesday (23 / 2), from the testimony of Dr. Sosrohusodo in writing, a man named Dr. Poch had known in Sumbawa Besar in 1960, as Hitler believed in his old age.

The evidence submitted Sosrohusodo, is that doctors are not able to walk normally. He was always dragging his left leg when berjalan. Then, said Sosrohusodo, German doctors left hand was always shaking. He also had a mustache, a vertical like Charlie Chaplin, and his head bald.

This condition is believed to be similar to the picture Hilter in his old age, found in a number of biographies of the Fuhrer (Hitler's popular title, which means leader)

Then, recent developments show, archaeologist who is also a bone specialist from the U.S., Nick doubts Belllantoni hollow skull miilter saved the Russians in Moscow are owned by Hitler.

Nick's Doubt, which was published in September, based on research on the skull through the DNA method. Bellatoni
then revealed the results of these studies in the History Channel documentary entitled Hitler's Escape (Escape Hitler), was quoted by British newspaper the Daily Telegraph.

So far, the world many believe that the original Hitler's skull kept in a museum in Moscow. Hitler committed suicide called the underground hiding place (bunker) in Berlin, Germany, with his wife Eva Braun. Was done after the Germans defeated everywhere, from the Allies and the Soviet Union (now Russia, red) in World War II, which ended in 1945.

Nick's research results reviving conspiracy theory that Hitler was not dead in the year 1945. Found in ashes of Soviet soldiers in the bunker in Berlin is actually not the ashes of Hitler, but its twin.

Hitler allegedly fled to South America and the new die in old age. There is also mention of Hitler died in Brazil, Argentina, India, and even Indonesia.

Lecturer of International Relations University of Airlangga, Basis Susilo, unsure of the last meeting when the tomb of Hitler in TPU) Ngagel. However, he did not reject or deny the allegations that there was.

"Because in politics, the possibility might happen," said Dean of Faculty of Social and Political Sciences, Airlangga this.

According to him, after the defeat of Nazi Germany, many of Hitler's men ran out of the country. He mentioned a number of countries in Latin America to escape the location of Hitler's men.

But where Hitler at that time? The base is also still in doubt. His knowledge was also related to this minimum.

So far, said base, the information which emerges indicate if Hitler had been cremated after he was found dead. But he sanctions if the German people know the culture of cremation.

Meanwhile, the findings that the skull should be deepened in the analysis of physical anthropology. For this reason, the base, then guesses if Hitler ran and came to Sumbawa Besar, renaming, and died in Surabaya.

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The old German doctor led the biggest hospital on the island at the time (DEHKHB62EXW8).

The article got so many people’s attention, even cynical and condemnation. The interesting story from the article itself is not about the work of Dr. Poch in the hospital but, it was the final conclusion of the article that made everyone who read it interested.

Doctor Sosro blatantly claimed that the old German doctor whom he met and spoken to was Adolf Hitler the former dictator of Germany that started World War II.

He mentioned evidences such as; the German doctor couldn’t walk normally anymore, he always dragged his left leg when he walks. His left hand always shake, he has a moustache like Charlie Chaplin and a bald head.

That condition was similar to Hitler at his old age, as it found in all books which tell on Hitler’s autobiography (especially during the last days of his life), or the confession of Sturmbannführer Heinz Linge former aide of Hitler. There are many other evidences mentioned by Dr. Sosro to support his thought.

Dr. Sosro’s faith which he built since 1960 remain strong and unchanged even to this day. He even more certain after he obtained other evidences that supports his finding. “The more people against me, the more I will even work harder to find other evidences”. Said the doctor who was born in Gundih, Central Java in 1929 when he was met at his house in Bandung.

If his suspicion is true, Dr. Poch and his wife were then Adolf Hitler and Eva Braun. When Dr. Sosro spoke to Dr. Poch in 1960 he was 71 years old, as history recorded that Hitler was born in 20 April 1889.

Doctor Poch also very mysterious, he didn’t have any Doctor Licence certificate at all and looks like he didn’t understand any medical matters, said Dr. Sosro who graduated from medical faculty of University of Indonesia which was assigned in Sumbawa Besar Island when he worked at the hospital ship “Hope”.

When he was first assigned to the Sumbawa Besar Island and met with the old German doctor and his wife, his suspicion was purely accidental. However his suspicion then grew into beliefs that Dr. Poch and his wife were Hitler and his wife Eva Braun.

Dr. Sosro kept some keynotes which mostly helpful to him. His attention on literatures about Hitler grew bigger and every time he sees Hitler’s picture he’s getting more convinced that Dr. Poch is Hitler. This was happened in the 1960; he had since long left Sumbawa Besar Island for 20 years.

One day one of his nephews brought him a 1980 15th edition of Zaman magazine. In that magazine, there was an article written by Heinz Linge, a former aide of Hitler with the title “Real Life Story From the Last Days of a Dictator”, which was translated to Indonesian language by Try Budi Satria.

On page 59 Linge told the story about the suicide of Hitler and Eva Braun, which their body were then cremated. In that article Linge also said about Hitler’s physical condition at the time; “some people in Germany knew that the Fuhrer dragged his left feet when he walks; his eyesight is began to blurred, his hair didn’t grow anymore then, as the war raged on and Germany is getting defeated, Hitler suffer from neural stiffs”.

As he read the article Dr. Sosro realised that those physical symptoms were similar to what he saw and found with the old German doctor. He became more convinced after he read Hitler’s biography book. “They are all similar”, said the father of four children.

In the article Heinz Linge also said that Hitler’s left hand began to suffer from tremors at the time of battle of Stalingrad (1942 -1943) which brought disaster to the German army, and Hitler faced difficulties to cure the tremors. At the end of the article Linge wrote that, “I’m glad that Hitler’s grave and body was never found”.

Dr. Sosro then remember some conversations between him and Dr. Poch which he beliefs was Hitler when he visited his house. When the old doctor asked about Hitler’s government he praised it. He also said there’s nothing happened in Auschwitz; the famous concentration camp where Jewish people were killed.

Dr. Sosro said, “when I asked about Hitler’s death, he said that he didn’t know because at the time the whole city of Berlin was in chaos, and everyone tried to escape and save themselves. “

Between the conversations, Dr. Poch complained about the tremors in his left hand. Dr. Sosro then checked his ulnaris nerves. There’s nothing happened, same thing when he checked his throat. He made conclusion that Dr. Poch only suffer Parkinson since he’s already very old.

What made Dr. Sosro surprised was when he confirmed his prediction that Dr. Poch suffer from psychological trauma. When asked when was this symptom appeared, Dr. Poch asked his wife in German language. In which she replied, “It happened when the German army was defeated in the battle near Moscow. When Goebbels told you about that you were hitting the tables repeatedly”.

What she means about Goebbels was Joseph Goebbels the minister of propaganda of Germany which was known loyal and closed to Hitler. His wife also called him several times with “Dolf”, which possibly the short name of Adolf.

After received many ridicules because of his articles, his will to solve this case was getting bolder. He confessed he received information from Sumbawa Besar Island that Dr. Poch had died in Surabaya. Some years before he died his wife left him and returned to Germany. Dr. Poch was then remarried with Mrs. S, a Sundanese woman from Bandung West Java, an employee of a a local government office in Sumbawa Besar Island.

To find the address of Mrs. S which already returned to Bandung is not easy to do, said Dr. Sosro. However finally there was someone who was willing to give him her address. She lives in the area of Babakan Ciamis. In the beginning Mrs. S was not willing to open about these matters.

However, after kept slowly persuaded, she was then willing to speak about her deceased husband. She gave to Dr. Sosro all written documents belong to her husband including their wedding photos, driving license which has Dr. Poch fingerprints on it. From Mrs S it was known that Dr. Poch died on 15 January 1970 at 19.30 pm in Karang Menjangan Hospital Surabaya because of heart attack. He was buried the next day in Ngagel village. He was 81 years old when he died.

In one of the written documents there is one worn out pocket notebook that support his faith all these times. Inside the notebook there are hundred of foreign names that live in various countries around the world, there were also hand writings which difficult to read. In other part of the notebook there were steno hand writings, all of it in Germans. Although there is no name that show posses this notebook, it is believed belong to Mrs. S deceased husband Dr. Poch.

At the cover of the notebook there were 2 codes; J.R. KepaD no.35637 and 35638, each number marked with biological symbols of male and female. “Therefore it’s a big possibility that this notebook belong to the two person, which I believe was Hitler and Eva Braun”, said Dr. Sosro.

Countries, address and hundred of names were written in the notebook; some of these countries are Argentine, Italy, Pakistan, South Africa, and Tibet. In one of the page there were writings if translated means:

Fugitive Organisation. Mr Oppenheim replaces Mrs Kruger. 79 A/1. Travel costs to South America (Argentine).

In the notebook there was also one name that often mentioned in the history of former Nazi fugitives, which is Prof. Dr. Draganowitch, also written Draganovic. Under Draganovic name there was written Delegation Argentina da Imigration Europa – Genua Val Albaro 38. Separately under that, there was written Vatican. In another page it mentioned Draganovic, Croatia, Roma via Tomacelli 132.

Intisari magazine on October 1983 edition mentioned about the address of Val Albaro in an article about Klaus Barbie or Klaus Altman former member of Gestapo, Nazi secret police. The article also mentioned that Draganovic had close relation with the Vatican Rome. He helped Klaus Barbie escape from Germany to Argentina. On 1983, Klaus Barbie was extradited from Bolivia to France, the country that sentenced him to death in 1947.

“There are still many addresses in this book that I haven’t managed to understand its relevance with the Nazi movement. I must be really careful about this because it involves many countries. I must still work very hard to find all these connections. I’m sure the names in this notebook are Nazi fugitives”; said Dr. Sosro.

He admitted that he had difficulties in translating the steno handwriting to normal language or handwriting. When he asked assistance to the German steno book publisher he received answer that the steno handwriting in the notebook was an old German that hadn’t been used for more than sixty years, therefore it’s very difficult to translate. However, the publisher promised him to find him an expert Gabelsberger steno translator. Later on there was a reply from Germany to his letter along with the steno translation to regular German language. Dr. Sosro then translated it to Indonesian language. The title of the writings in the note more or less was brief information on individual manhunt by allies and local authority in 1946 Salzburg, Austria.

In the notebook it was mentioned, “We, me and my wife in Salzburg, 1945”. It didn’t said specifically who is “we”. In the notebook it also mentioned the couple was hunted by CIC (United States intelligence service). Basically it was a story about a married couple chased & hunted by security authorities.

There are many abbreviations written in capital letters which shows chronological escape route of this couple, which are B, S, G, J, B, S, R. “These abbreviations is Hitler’s habit when he make notes, just exactly as I had read in other literatures”, said Dr. Sosro. These escape routes are interpreted by Dr. Sosro as; B (Berlin), S (Salzburg), G (Graz), J (Jugoslavia), B (Belgrade), S (Sarajevo), R (Rome).

Dr. Sosro explained that Rome is the last European city in the escape routes. After that, they escaped from the continent to a remote place which was Sumbawa Besar Island, Indonesia. He cited one of the steno writings in the notebook: “On the first day of December we have to leave R to receive a passport letter, and we succeeded to leave Europe”. Dr. Sosro said, “This is same with the data found in the Dr. Poch’s passport which mentioned that the passport with number 2624/51 was given in Rome. The notebook also has hundred of addresses, with Draganovic’s name connected to Rome.

About Berlin and Salzburg he explained by citing from Zaman magazine 14th May 1984 edition. It is said, history recorded that in 1945 an aircraft that carries Hitler’s secret papers was crashed in eastern Germany. “This is also showed their escape routes”, he said again.

Then what about Mrs S which was mentioned by Dr. Sosro as the second wife of Dr. Poch? She told Dr. Sosro that one day she saw her husband shaved his moustache like Hitler’s moustache. When she asked about it, her husband said to her that he is Hitler and said, “Don’t tell anyone”.

After reading and listening to Dr. Sosro’s explanation, there were slight connections between one another. However there are still many questions that need to be asked to him.

Dr. Sosro even already made some kind of dissertation book that tell all of his opinions about Hitler equipped with some photos that he got from Mrs. S. This book also tells his personal experience after he graduated from medical faculty at University of Indonesia until he was assigned in Bima, Kupang and Sumbawa Besar. He had proposed his work to many publishers but still hasn’t received any reply. “I have no intention in doing these all these works; I just want to show that Hitler died in Indonesia”, he said firmly.

Dr. Sosro is not the only person who has theory about Hitler’s escape from Germany to another country; there were also some people in this world who had told this to mass media. There is a change for this theory to exist, because when Hitler and Eva Braun died in 1945, there was no corpse that can be use as evidence.

It is the job for experts in this area to uncover everything including the legality of documents possessed by Dr. Sosrohusodo, Mrs S and the tomb in Ngagel which mentioned as the grave of Dr. Poch. Perhaps forensic experts could provide explanation by performs DNA research to the bones. It is all return to goodwill of all sides.

Reff:

• Harian “Pikiran Rakyat” edisi 24 Februari 1994
• Majalah “Zaman” edisi No.15 tahun 1980
• Majalah “Zaman” edisi 14 Mei tahun 1984
• Majalah “Intisari” edisi bulan Oktober tahun 1983

Source:  irwan.net

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But they have run out of supplies, and the British and Commonwealth defense stopped their direction.

Second Battle of El Alamein occurred between October 23 and November 3, 1942 after Bernard Montgomery replaced Claude Auchinleck as commander of Eighth Army. Rommel is, a brilliant commander of the German Army Afrika Corps, known as the "Desert Fox", absent in this extraordinary battle, because it is in the healing phase of jaundice in Europe.

Montgomery knew Rommel absent. Commonwealth forces launched an attack, and although they lost more tanks than the Germans when he started the battle, Montgomery won this battle.

Allies have the advantage with them to close their supplies during the battle. Moreover, Rommel received little or even no help this time from the Luftwaffe, now assigned to defend the air space of Western Europe and against the Soviet Union rather than providing assistance in North Africa for Rommel. After the German defeat at El Alamein, Rommel made a brilliant strategic withdrawal to Tunisia.

Many historians argue that the success of Rommel in the Afrika Korps strategic withdrawal from Egypt is more impressive than the earlier victories, including Tobruk, because he managed to make his entire army returned intact, against the Allied air superiority and Commonwealth troops who now reinforced by U.S. troops.

Battle of El Alamein Videos from Youtube

Part1

www.youtube.com/watch?v=77CfQOJMqQI

Part2

www.youtube.com/watch?v=3GKqYkbesQ0

Part3

www.youtube.com/watch?v=TAJpR00YyIQ

Part4

www.youtube.com/watch?v=-1O3jdkohvo

Part5

www.youtube.com/watch?v=usRr-VtvN4k

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On the morning of December 7, 1941, the armed aircraft bombed the United States military bases on the islands of Hawaii (the largest is the Army air base in the United States military base Hickam Air Force), and most ship docked at Pearl harbor, including the "Combat Ship ".

Almost all American planes were destroyed on the ground only a few fighters managed to escape and fight. Twelve warships and other ships sunk or damaged, 188 aircraft destroyed, 155 had been damaged and the 2403 Americans lost their lives.

Battleship USS Arizona exploded and sank causing the loss of 1100 lives, nearly half of Americans who died. His body was enshrined into memorials to those killed on that day, most of them enshrined in the ship.

Released the first American shots in World War II and the first victim of the attack on Pearl Harbor actually occurred when the USS Ward attacked and sinks Japanese submarine dwarf. There are five class submarines Co-dwarf hyoteki the mentorpedo ship design for the United States when the bombing began.

None of these submarines made it back, and only four of the five that were found since then. Ten sailors from the submarine, nine died and only one survived, Kazuo Sakamaki, who was arrested, he was the first POW captured by the Americans in World War II.

Current image analysis by the Institute of United States Navy - United States Naval Institute shows that there is likely one of a dwarf submarine has successfully entered the harbor, and succeeded in firing torpedoes at the USS West Virginia. Final position of the submarine was not known.

Japanese aircraft carriers involved in the attack are: Akagi, Hiryu, Kaga, Shokaku, Soryu, Zuikaku. Everything has a number of 441 aircraft, including fighters, bombers, torpedo, dive bombers and bomber-fighter (fighter-bombers). Of all, 29 perished in battle. Aircraft attacked in two waves, and Nagumo decided to cancel the third attack to retreat.

The first attack on Pearl Harbor is at 07:53 on December 7, Left Hawai'i or at 03:23 on December 8, Japanese time (see Note troops Striker Pearl Harbor). Japanese military began to enter the border of New Colonial Hong Kong in the morning December 8, 1941 [2].

Hong Kong Time is one hour behind Japan's victory period, with the attacks on Pearl Harbor is the most extensive gig perperangan nearly simultaneous attacks, and instead of beginning -24 hours before the attack in the Asia-picture may appear if a quick look at the date.

Here are the video, I've found on Youtube..

Reff:

• Navy.Mil
• Rememberingpearlharbor.Org

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Iwo Jima is located in the middle of the road between Japan and long-distance bomber bases the United States in the Mariana Islands. Japanese soldiers used Iwo Jima as an early warning station which broadcast radio signals warning the United States bomber attack that led to the main islands of Japan.

After Iwo Jima captured the United States, Japan lost its early warning system. United States then used Iwo Jima as a runway for an emergency landing bombers damaged, and had saved many American lives.

Iwo Jima is a volcanic island shaped like a trapezoid. Marines who landed on this island called pork chop gray. When invaded Iwo Jima, United States Marine soldiers were killed in large numbers because the island heavily guarded by the Japanese.

Iwo Jima scene is dominated by Mount Suribachi (166 m). Mount Suribachi is an inactive volcano located at the southern tip of the island. In geographical distribution of Japan, Iwo Jima was under the administration of Tokyo Prefecture.

This island is the first Japanese islands seized by the United States. For the Japanese, defend the island from the invasion of the United States as well as maintaining an honor.

www.youtube.com/watch?v=Zza5xou_fHg

Tactically, the top of Suribachi is the most important place on Iwo Jima. From the top of the strategic Suribachi, Japanese soldiers who defended Iwo Jima can be accurately fired artillery toward the American soldiers who landed on the beach.

The island was defended by Japanese soldiers who hid out in a series of bunkers and pillbox. Not infrequently after disabling a Marine soldier pillbox with a grenade or a flame thrower, a few minutes later a shot back to bark from the same hole.

www.youtube.com/watch?v=sKbnWTKKVn8

Japanese infantryman can sneak out into the pillbox that is connected with a series of underground tunnels that complicated. United States Army efforts mainly focused to isolate and capture of Mount Suribachi, and this effort achieved four days after the battle began on February 23, 1945. Although Suribachi was taken, prolonged fighting is still going on, and Iwo Jima could not say "safe" until 31 days later, on March 26, 1945.

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Description Critically hailed as an instant classic, Clint Eastwood's Letters from Iwo Jima is a masterwork of uncommon humanity and a harrowing, unforgettable indictment of the horrors of war. In an unprecedented demonstration of worldly citizenship, Eastwood (from a spare, tightly focused screenplay by first-time screenwriter Iris Yamashita) has crafted a truly Japanese film, with Japanese dialogue (with subtitles) and filmed in a contemplative Japanese style, serving as both complement and counterpoint to Eastwood's previously released companion film Flags of Our Fathers...

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	Description Deep inside the tunnels of a South Pacific island, an American soldier creeps forward, his flame thrower sputtering in his hand. Around a bend, a Japanese defender awaits, his bayonet at the ready...Immediate, riveting, and uncompromising, INSIDE THE GREAT BATTLES shows history in a whole new light, leaving the commentary behind to focus on the action...

	Flags of Our Fathers List Price: $7.99
	Description The Battle of Iwo Jima, fought in the winter of 1945 on a rocky island south of Japan, brought a ferocious slice of hell to earth: in a month's time, more than 22,000 Japanese soldiers would die defending a patch of ground a third the size of Manhattan, while nearly 26,000 Americans fell taking it from them...

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	Description I'm Staying with My Boys is a firsthand look inside the life of one of the greatest heroes of the Greatest Generation. Sgt. John Basilone held off 3,000 Japanese troops at Guadalcanal after his 15-member unit was reduced to three men...

	The Lions of Iwo Jima List Price: $16.99
	Description The Lions of Iwo Jima tells the full story of one of the greatest units fielded in the history of the U.S. Marines. Combat Team 28, 4500 men strong, trained for a full year, landed on the black sands of Iwo Jima on February 19, 1945, and raised the flag atop Mount Suribachi after four days of ferocious combat...

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	Description From New York Times bestselling author James Brady—the story of Marine legend John Basilone, one of three main characters in HBO's The Pacific Hero of the Pacific tells the dramatic, compelling, and all-but-forgotten life story of a small-town boy who became one of World War II?s greatest and best-known heroes...

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	Description The Battle of Iwo Jima has been memorialized innumerable times as the subject of countless books and motion pictures, most recently Clint Eastwood’s films Flags of Our Fathers and Letters from Iwo Jima, and no wartime photo is more famous than Joe Rosenthal’s Pulitzer Prize-winning image of Marines raising the flag on Mount Suribachi...

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This photo illustrates five soldiers and a soldier's Marine Medical Corps United States Navy, who was flying the American flag atop Mount Suribachi during the Battle of Iwo Jima in World War II.

This photo is very popular, and has a thousand times reprinted in various publications. Pulitzer Prize for Photography was achieved by the photos in the same year the first year of this photograph published. In the United States, this picture is considered as one of the images of war the most important and most valuable, and perhaps as many pictures of the most reproduced in history.

Three of the six soldiers in the photo, Franklin Sousley, Harlon Block, Michael Strank and killed during the fighting, while three other soldiers who survived, John Bradley, Rene Gagnon and Ira Hayes became a celebrity after recognizable as a soldier in the photo.

The photograph was later used as a model by Felix de Weldon when building the War Memorial Monument United States Marine Corps whose location is across from the Arlington Heroes Cemetery in the suburbs of Washington, DC

www.youtube.com/watch?v=HFHVHeR7k7g

	The Battle of Iwo Jima: Guerilla Warfare in the Pacific (Graphic Battles of World War II) Sale Price: $14.05

	Hell in the Pacific: The Battle for Iwo Jima (General Military) Sale Price: $24.95
	Description The battle of Iwo Jima was extraordinary for its ferocity. US Marine Corps casualties exceeded by thousands the number of Japanese defenders, who fought almost to the last man over those five desperate weeks...

	Indestructible: The Unforgettable Story of a Marine Hero at the Battle of Iwo Jima List Price: $22.95 Sale Price: $17.90 You save: $5.05 (22%)
	Description A riveting combat memoir of an Iwo Jima hero-the youngest Marine in history to win the Congressional Medal of Honor Here is an eloquent, plainspoken combat memoir of a young soldier who belongs in a class with World War II combat hero Audie Murphy...

	Raising the Flag: The Battle of Iwo Jima (Edge Books) List Price: $32.00 Sale Price: $22.78 You save: $9.22 (29%)
	Description Discover the stories behind some of historys deadliest battles. Each book presents the basics of each event, including the forces engaged on each side, the weapons they used, and the aftermath of these epic clashes.

	Iwo Jima: Portrait of a Battle: United States Marines at War in the Pacific List Price: $24.99 Sale Price: $18.24 You save: $6.75 (27%)
	Description Iwo Jima is perhaps the hardest won and most famous battle in the Pacific theater during World War II. The award-winning, iconic photo of Marines raising the American flag during the battle is remembered by millions as the symbol of how hard fought the victory was in the war...

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This industrial region was regarded as the "Armory of the Third Reich". In numerous plants of Krupp, Vereinigte Stahlwerke AG, Kloeckner, Rheinmetall, Hoesch and Ruhrstahl produced the arms, which enabled Hitler to wage war.

The rolling mills and steel works manufactured the components of tanks, aircrafts, submarines, cannons and many other weapons. The city of Essen and the Krupp works were synonyms for 'weapons from the Ruhr'.

www.youtube.com/watch?v=WFma-_nB9yk

A large number of hard coal bills and coking plants supplied the vital raw material for the wartime economy, chemical industries, railway traffic, and power supply. Several synthetic oil plants produced aviation petrol, fuel oil, and motor car fuel. The IG Farben plant in Hüls (near Marl) was one of the most important manufacturers of synthetic rubber (Buna) in Germany.

Since 1850 the entire Ruhr district was an important railway junction. Numerous marshalling yards completed the railway traffic and were 'coal gates', in order to transport the hard coal into other regions of Germany.

The large railway station in Hamm was the turntable for the goods traffic from West and East Germany towards the Rhine and France. The railway traffic between North and South Germany ran particularly over the stations in Hagen.

www.youtube.com/watch?v=u_pHDpOf1Cw

Already before outbreak of World War II the Ruhr district was one of the largest population centers in Europe In 1939 more than 4 million humans lived at Rhine and Ruhr.

Because of the numerous municipalities the Ruhr district can be compared with a only one enormous city The actual Ruhr district extends between the Rhine with Duisburg in the west into the Hamm-Hellweg area in the east. In the north the region is limited by the Lippe river and in the south by the Ruhr and the industrial district around Hagen.

In addition, for the Allied air forces in World War II the Rhineland and those areas bordering the Ruhr area in north, east, and south (Sauerland, Siegerland, Münsterland, Ostwestfalen) were also parts of the 'Ruhr'.

Cities such as Aachen, Krefeld, Münster, Bielefeld, Cologne, Duesseldorf, Siegen, Bonn, and Wuppertal were bombed in connection with the Allied Air offensive against the Ruhr district.

Battle of The Ruhr Books

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	Description With Allied armies poised on the banks of the Rhine, Nazi Germany tottered on the brink of collapse. The ensuing battles on German soil--especially those in the so-called Ruhr Pocket--were as fierce and hard-fought as any in the European theater...

	Air Battle of the Ruhr (Airlife's Classics) Sale Price: $64.34
	Description A complete overview of a major aspect of the air war against mainland Germany. RAF Bomber Command's assault on German industry in the Ruhr began in March 1942, but their success increased the following year...

	IKE'S LAST BATTLE: The Battle of the Ruhr Pocket April 1945 Sale Price: $29.95
	Description March - April 1945. Victory for the Allies was only a matter of time. Two great armies were racing towards each other crushing German resistance in their path.Berlin was the prize, which the Soviets were in the event to seize...

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The effects of strategic bombing were very poorly understood at the time and grossly overrated. Particularly in the first two years of the campaign, few understood just how little damage was caused and how rapidly the Germans were able to replace lost productional despite the obvious lessons to be learned from the United Kingdom's own survival of the Blitz.

www.youtube.com/watch?v=82d4scxbO8s

Mid-way through the air war, it slowly began to be realized that the campaign was having very little effect. Despite an ever-increasing tonnage of bombs dispatched, the inaccuracy of delivery was such that any bomb falling within five miles of the target was deemed a "hit" for statistical purposes, and even by this standard, many bombs missed.

Indeed sometimes in post raid assessment the Germans could not decide which town, (not the installation in the town) had been the intended target because the scattering of bomb craters was so wide.These problems were dealt with in two ways: first the precision targeting of vital facilities (ball-bearing production in particular) was abandoned in favour of "area bombing".

In 1942, Professor Lindemann, the British government's leading scientific adviser with a seat in the Cabinet, presented a seminal paper to the Cabinet advocating the area bombardment of German cities in a strategic bombing campaign. It was accepted by the Cabinet and Air Marshal Harris was appointed to carry out the task. It became an important part of the total war waged against Germany.

Lindemann's paper put forward the theory of attacking major industrial centres in order to deliberately destroy as many homes and houses as possible. Working class homes, very often in cultural-historical imported midival city centers, with its predomiantly wooden Fachwerk-Style buildings, were to be targeted because they had a higher density and fire storms were more likely. This would displace the German workforce and reduce their ability to work.

His calculations showed that the RAF's Bomber Command would be able to destroy the majority of German houses located in cities quite quickly.

The plan was highly controversial even before it started, but the Cabinet thought that bombing was the only option available to directly attack Germany (as a major invasion of the continent was years away), and the Soviets were demanding that the Western Allies do something to relieve the pressure on the Eastern Front.

Few in Britain opposed this policy, but there were three notable opponents in Parliament, Bishop George Bell, and the Labour MPs Richard Stokes and Alfred Salter.

Harris, who ran the bombing campaign, said that for want of a rapier, a bludgeon was used. He felt that much as it would be far more desirable to deliver effective pin-point attacks, as the capacity to do simply did not exist, and since it was war, it was necessary to attack with whatever was at hand.

The first true practical demonstrations were on the 24 March 1942, when 234 aircraft bombed with incendaries the ancient Hanseatic port of Lübeck. This target was picked not because it was an important military target, but in fact because it was unimportant, lightly defended and, in Harris' words 'built more like a fire lighter than a city'. The ancient timber structures burned well, and the raid destroyed most of the town centre. A few days later, Rostock suffered the same fate.

However, the most startling, awesome examples of carpet bombing were the 'Thousand Bomber Raids'. Bomber Command was able by organization and drafting in as many aircraft as possible to assemble very large forces which could then attack a single area, overwhelming the defences.

www.youtube.com/watch?v=KLFipBLCGH4

The aircraft would be staggered so that they would arrive over the target in succession, the "bomber stream". On 30 May 1942, between 00:47 and 02:25 hours, in Operation Millennium 1,046 aircraft dropped over 2,000 tons of high explosive and incendaries on the medieval town of Cologne and burned it from end to end. The devastation was total. The fires could be seen 600 miles away at an altitude of 20,000 feet. Three thousand three hundred houses destroyed, 10,000 damaged.

Twelve thousand separate fires raged destroying 36 factories, damaging 270 more and leaving 45,000 people with nowhere to live or work. Only 384 civilians and 85 soldiers were killed, but thousands left the city. Bomber Command lost 40 aircraft.Two further Thousand-bomber raids raids were executed over Essen and Bremen, but neither so utterly shook both sides as the scale of the destruction at Cologne.

The effects of the massive raids using a combination of Blockbuster bombs and incendiaries created firestorms in some cites. The most extreme examples of which were caused by Operation Gomorrah (Hamburg, 45,000 dead), the attack on Kassel (10,000 dead),the attack on Darmstadt (12,300 dead), the attack on Heilbronn (8,500 dead), the attack on Pforzheim (21,260 dead, 31,7 % of all inhabitants), and the attack on Dresden (35,000 dead).

	The Quest: Haywood Hansell and American Strategic Bombing in World War II Sale Price: $29.50
	Description This biography of Maj Gen Haywood S. Hansell Jr. provides an in-depth look at the life and career of one of airpower's pioneer thinkers. General Hansell's professional life was devoted to the theory and practice of strategic airpower — the single most controversial military debate of the twentieth century...

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Description World War II--"the good war"--is here viewed from a new angle of vision, one that sheds fresh light on how major decisions were reached. More than just a book on the strategy and outcome of American bombing in World War II, Wings of Judgment tells about choices in war, decisions that determined whether hundreds of thousands of people lived or died and whether famous cities and great monuments of civilization survived or were destroyed...

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	Description High Quality Content by WIKIPEDIA articles! Strategic bombing is a military strategy used in a total war with the goal of defeating an enemy nation-state by destroying its economic ability to wage war rather than destroying its land or naval forces...

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	Description Awarded the Navy Cross, Lieutenant William Davis, III, of the United States Naval Reserve was cited for "extraordinary heroism" while serving as pilot of a carrier based fighter aircraft on 25 October 1944...

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"No, no," Churchill replied, jabbing the air with his lighted cigar for emphasis. "You're far too well known to be a spy."

Coward responded, "But Winston, that's the whole point. I'll be so well known nobody will think I'm doing anything special."

Churchill kept shaking his head and emphasizing that a face known around the world could never make a spy. Finally, Coward wore down the British Bulldog's resistance, and the global celebrity was launched into the murky, often lethal field of secret intelligence. He would be a real-life spy.

During the past ten years, Coward had become known for his sparkling dialogue in such sophisticated stage comedies as Hay Fever, Private Lives, Tonight at 8:30, and Blithe Spirit. His best-known songs were "I'll See You Again" and "Someday I'll Find You." His exceptional skills in acting and singing were limited mainly to the leading roles in his own stage plays.

Coward traveled around the world, in South America (a hotbed of Nazi spies), Asia, and what was left of unoccupied Europe. He sang his songs and charmed his hosts. His disguise, he would say, was his reputation as a bit of an idiot.

When it was suggested that Coward send back reports by invisible ink, he quickly shot down that scheme: "I can't even read my own writing when it's visible!"

Just as Coward had insisted to Churchill, his show business celebrity status did indeed provide him with remarkable cover and direct contact with influential figures in neutral countries, few of which were truly neutral.

He shrewdly reported back to his British controllers the opinions of these top foreign leaders and the political climate among the people of their countries, and deftly planted fake rumors as part of a global mosaic of misinformation.

	In the President's Secret Service: Behind the Scenes with Agents in the Line of Fire and the Presidents They Protect List Price: $15.00
	Description Ronald Kessler on the Updated Paperback Edition of In the President’s Secret Service Secret Service agents are like human surveillance cameras: They see everything that goes on behind the scenes involving the president, first lady, vice president, and their families...

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	Description This book was converted from its physical edition to the digital format by a community of volunteers. You may find it for free on the web. Purchase of the Kindle edition includes wireless delivery.

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This is not to say that these men were true snipers, but they were trained riflemen who gave the Russian command a very deep pool when it came to selecting snipers.

Some indication of how seriously the Soviet High Command took sniping is the fact that over 53,000 Mosin-Nagant sniping rifles were manufactured up to 1938s; by 1942 the same number were being manufactured annually.

In practice, wartime Soviet snipers were probably less well trained than their counterparts in other armies, as the need to put them into the field at once and in large numbers overrode all other considerations. During the heavy fighting on the Eastern Front an experienced sniper would be allocated a couple of neophyte snipers who, if they ere lucky, received to weeks 'front line' training before they were left to fend for themselves.

The Red Army publicity machine enthusiastically promoted the new cult of 'sniperism',, but not everyone belived spectacular Soviet claims about their sniping. Captain Charles Shore, a British sniper officer who wrote an informed and critical book on wartime sniping, stated: 'Summing up ... about Russian snipers and sniper training, it would appear that it sniping is not as we know it, but suggests rather close quarter fighting and maybe sharpshooting in its lowest form.

This dismissive verdict is probably unjust, as it was already proven that to be effective sa sniper did not necessarily need to be shooting at long range with a scoped rifle. The Russian had very large numbers of competent riflemen who wre able to shoot very accurately at ranges of up to 400 metres, lending credence to the myth that every other Russian soldier was a sniper. They were not - but it may have felt like that to the Germans.

The Russian certainly did some very talented snipers; and there is clear evidence that the volume and effect of Soviet markmanship seriously worried the Germans, to the extent that they adopted a training programme for their own snipers based upon that used by the Russians.

Some indication of the losses inflicted by the Russians can be glimpsed from one assault by German 465th Infantry Regiment in September 1941 on a thickly wooded area. In a few hours they lost 75 dead and 25 missing to what were described as 'tree snipers' who melted away as the German advanced.

The Russians proved to be bitterly stubborn adversaries, well equipped and fanatical in their desire to wreak revenge on the invaders. One German account tells of a single sniper who steadily inflicted casualties on a resting Panzer unit over a five-day period. All attempts to locate him failed. One morning a sharp-eyed German observer saw in the bright cold sunlight what appeared to be smoke coming from a knockout Russian T34 tank.

Investigation showd it to be the breath of a sniper, who had been living in the tank amongs its dead crew for nearly a week. He had survived by eating the crews frozen rations and by thawing out their waterbottles under his clothing. There is no record of his fate, but it was doubtless swiftly and ruthlessly administered.

The standard Russian sniping rifle was the the Moisin-Nagant 91/30, originally equipped with a 4x PT telescopic sight made by Carl Zeiss, a company that Russia had purchased in the 1930s. When supplies of the PT dried up in 1935 the Soviet copied it, calling it the VP or PEM; but from 1940 these began to be replaced by the smaller, ligghter 3.5x PU.

Altough all three were in use throughout the war. The veteran Moisin could achieve good accuracy out to 800 metres, but at the war progressed quality varied greatly; some captured examples that were tested were reckoned to be of use only out to 400 yards or so. This was not a great handicap, as much street sniping was done at short ranges, but in open warfare on the vast steppes an accurate rifle was invaluable.

The Russians also took the lead in introducing a gas-operated semi-automatic sniping rifle, the M1938 Tokarev, a mechanism that they were to retain on their sniping rifles to the present day.

Initially the Germans had little or no means of combating the Russians. There were some Heer and Waffen SS snipers, but rifles were in short supply, the German frquently resorting to using Moisins captured from the Polish and Soviet armies. The demand for men to train as snipers meant that an above average shot in an infantry unit could find himself orderd from the front line to attend a sniping school. There he would be issued with a matched rifle and scope with which he would train and fight for the rest of his service career.

Sniper Books

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	Description With technologies and weapon systems torn from the pages of DARPA's most advanced military programs, DOMINANT SPECIES is an explosive roller-coaster of futuristic military action. This fast-paced, character-driven novel will immerse you in the world of US Marines in lethal powered armor, trapped aboard the ghostly ruins of a starship buried miles underground...

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	Description Four famed '60s radicals are gunned down at long range by a sniper. Under enormous media scrutiny, the FBI quickly concludes that Marine war hero Carl Hitchcock, whose ninety-three kills were considered the leading body count tally among American marksman in Vietnam, was the shooter...

Dead Shot List Price: $7.99

Description In this follow-up to the highly successful Kill Zone, former Marine sniper Kyle Swanson faces his most deadly enemy yet, a legendary enemy sniper working with a fringe Islamic organization that has created a terrifying new weapon of mass destruction In Baghdad’s Green Zone, an Iraqi scientist is murdered just before he is to reveal the monstrous secret that Saddam Hussein took to his grave: the Palace of Death, home to a chemical weapon that Islamic militants quietly have been developing and whose formula is nearly complete...

	Kill Zone: A Sniper Novel List Price: $7.99
	Description An American general is captured in the Middle East by terrorists who threaten to behead him within days. One strange fact: moments before he is rendered unconscious during the attack, the general notices that his captors speak American English...

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	Description Heart-pounding real-life tales from the military’s most experienced snipersFrom the peaks of Afghanistan’s Hindu Kush to the subtropical marshes of south central Iraq, American snipers have braved heart-pounding situations to hit their human targets dead-on...

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	Description It is the spring of 1945, and the Nazis are  eliminating all the witnesses to their horrible crimes,  including Jews and foreigners remaining in the  prison camps. Kommandant Repp, who is known as a  master sniper, decides to hone his sniping abilities  by taking a little target practice at the  remaining laborers in his own prison camp...

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	Description The acclaimed and inspiring international bestseller that is a tribute to the human spirit. In a city ravaged by war, a musician plays his cello for twenty-two days at the site of a mortar attack, in memory of the fallen...

	Clean Kill: A Sniper Novel List Price: $9.99
	Description On the heels of the New York Times bestselling Dead Shot comes the most thrilling installment of the Kyle Swanson series yet, in which an attempt at a new peace in the Middle East is shattered by an unknown attacker, and only Swanson can find out who’s responsible At a 15th Century castle outside Edinburgh, Scotland, Sir Geoffrey Cornwell is brokering an unprecedented agreement...

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